Classes
	Syllabus
1	Intro. to the Course
2	Intro. to Gas and Oil Processing
3	Gas Processing Methods
4	Intro. to Water -Hydrolic Cycle
5	Intro. to Water -Part 2
6	Power Generation/ Cogeneration
7	Electricity Transmission
8	8 Missing
9	9 Missing
10	10Missing
11	Chemical, Reagents,Tools, Rigging
12	12 Missing
13	Land Use and Reclamation
14	Instrumentation and Drawings
	**** Final Exam*****
	Resources
	Staff E-mail

Objectives:

1. Describe Land Use and Reclamation
2. Describe EPA
3. Describe Lumber Products and Processing
4. Describe Economics in Systems Operations
5. BTMOS
6. Basic Math Continued

Subpart P of 29 CFR Part 1910 covers the use of hand and portable powered tools in general industry. The regulation covers general requirements and specifies guarding requirements for portable powered tools. Requirements for inspections and safe use are also included.

Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that they may pose hazards. Employees who use hand and power tools may be exposed to the hazards of falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects. They may be exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. A large part of working safely with tools is understanding the hazards and taking adequate precautions.

You should be trained in the use of all tools-not just power tools. You should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to take to prevent or control the hazards.

Tool quality and design

Tools made from good quality, durable materials will help you avoid injuries caused by tools breaking or slipping on the job. Metal tool parts should be strong enough to resist bending, cracking, chipping, or excessive wear from normal use.

Always use the appropriate blades, bits, fasteners, etc. with powered tools. Guards should be durable and secure. Electrical parts, pneumatic and hydraulic hose and fittings, etc., must be rated to meet the requirements of their intended use.

Personal protective equipment

Using personal protective equipment (PPE) should become a habit when using tools.

Wear eye protection if there is a chance that chips, splashes, sparks, dust, or debris could get into your eyes. Some examples of jobs where eye protection should be worn include using hammers, mallets, chisels, punches, bolt cutters, staple guns, drills, abrasive wheels, saws, or any other tool that could create chips, pieces, or splashes. For some jobs, face protection may be needed in addition to safety glasses or goggles.

You can protect yourself from cuts while handling knives by wearing cut-resistant gloves. You can also protect yourself from getting cut while working on materials with sharp edges (sheet metal or glass).

Ear protection may be in order when using powered tools. Even short-term overexposure to excessive noise can be damaging.

Tool use might also contribute to your need to wear a respirator. Learn to use your companys Respiratory Protection Program, and use your respirator correctly.

Remember that a job may also require foot protection. When using heavy tools (mauls, sledgehammers, jackhammers, etc.) or when working on heavy materials, you will want to be wearing safety shoes in case something falls onto your feet.

Tool inspection

Tools should be inspected before and after each use. Some signs of damage and wear to look for include cracked or loose handles, casings, or guards; bent shafts or spindles; worn, cut, brittle, or frayed cords and hoses; loose or leaking fittings; dull, rounded, or chipped cutting surfaces; gouges or scrapes on gripping surfaces; mushroomed striking surfaces; etc.

Tool maintenance and repair

Portable tools should be kept clean. Dirt and grease can hide damage.

Maintain and repair tools before it's too late. Sharpen cutting edges regularly. Follow a schedule to make sure tools get lubricated. To prevent rust, lightly oil tools before putting them away.

Take damaged tools out of service immediately. Apply a "Do Not Use" warning tag so everyone knows not to use the tool. Only authorized employees should be allowed to repair tools. Some types of tools must meet the manufacturer's specifications after they've been repaired. All repaired tools should be thoroughly inspected before they are put back into use. Discard damaged tools that cannot be repaired.

Basic tool safety rules

All hazards involved in the use of hand and powered tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules:

· Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.

· Use the right tool for the job.

· Examine each tool for damage before use.

· Use the tool according to the manufacturer's instructions.

· Obtain and use the proper protective equipment.

Employee training

OSHA's regulations do not have specific employee training requirements, but employees who understand the hazards and know how to use hand and portable powered tools correctly will have less risk of injury.

Where to go for more information.

29 CFR 1910, Subpart P-Hand and portable powered tools and other hand-held equipment (for General Industry).

29 CFR 1926, Subpart I-Tools, hand and power (for construction).

Land Use, EPA, Lumber Products, Economics in Systems Operations
Land Use and Reclamation

Large extraction industries such as mining restore the surface of the land once the underlying minerals have been removed. In earlier times this was not done leaving large areas in the eastern US with damaged soil and polluted sources of water. Lands that used to be stripped and abandoned are now restored in accordance with law. According to Peabody Mining Company the US mining industry has reclaimed more than 2 million acres and restored more than 100,000 acres of mines abandoned long ago. When the mining is complete lands often are used as wildlife refuge or recreation areas that didn't previously exist.

In 1977 the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) was passed by the United States Congress to regulate the mining industry and to address the problem of abandoned mine sites (those sites mined before 1977). SMCRA was amended in 1990 and again in 1992.

SMCRA put an end to the practice of abandoning coal mine sites.

This scene, (slide 13-2) typical of East Tennessee surface coal mining in the early 1970's shows an unreclaimed contour mine. The mine operator followed the coal seam around the mountain pushing the overburden down the hillside. Without any reclamation the dangerous unstable highwall remained exposed and the disturbed soil and overburden was left to erode and pollute nearby streams.

When new mining projects are planned the restoration of the surface is part of the process.

The permit for the construction of the Trans-Alaska pipeline required revegetation of the pipeline and also areas where gravel was mined to build the haul road and pump station pads. Alyeska Pipeline used 450 tons of seeds in this revegetation project.

Large surface mines now often take the surface soils, transport them to a storage site for many years and then after the mineral has been removed the original soils are restored.

Acid Mine Drainage is a consequence of not restoring the surface Here is a detailed description of Acid Mine Drainage:

When water comes into contact with pyrite in coal and the rock surrounding it (overburden), chemical reactions take place which cause the water to gain acidity and to pick up in solution iron, manganese and aluminum. Water that comes into contact with coal has a characteristic orange-red, yellow (sometimes white) color. The metals stay in solution beneath the earth due to the lack of oxygen. When water emerges from the mine or borehole it reacts with the oxygen in the air and is dissolved in the stream and deposits iron, manganese and aluminum on rocks and the stream bed. Each of the chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage (AMD) is toxic to fish and aquatic insects in moderate concentrations. At high concentrations all plant life is killed.

Artificial Wetlands

A large number of wetlands have been constructed to treat drainage from active and abandoned coal mines and more than 500 such systems are operating in Appalachia alone.

Mine Closure

Federal laws require that the resulting open pits be filled, graded to about their original contour, and planted for agricultural or recreational purposes.

Mine closure in Alaska, usually requires some environmental activities such as removal of hazards, recontouring, and planting where possible.

Closure occurs when all scheduled reclamation plans have been completed and safety of the area is ensured. In fact, through comprehensive environmental planning, mining companies can now return mined land to the identical condition that existed before mining occurred

EPA

EPA The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) was formed in 1970 by the Federal Government to help protect the environment and public health, and to control and abate environmental pollution.

EPA functions

1. develops environmental policies
2. sets national standards
3. manages research and development on environmental issues
4. develops and enforces environmental regulations.

Risk Management Programs (RMP) are required in all process industries to evaluate risks associated with accidental releases of regulated substances became effective 1996.

EPA Region 10 serves the Pacific NW and Alaska.

Here is their mission statement:

To protect and restore the environment of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska for present and future generations.

Environmental objectives are to:

* Protect diverse ecosystems and ensure healthy airsheds and watersheds;
* Prevent pollution through source reduction;
* Reduce the generation of land, air, and water pollutants;
* Clean up contaminated sites.

Superfund

Years ago on thousands of properties dumping of chemical wastes was a common practice. The result was uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, such as abandoned warehouses and landfills.

Congress established the Superfund Program in 1980 to locate, investigate, and clean up the worst sites nationwide.

The EPA administers the Superfund program in cooperation with individual states and tribal governments. The office that oversees management of the program is the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR).

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is the law congress passed to implement the Superfund program.

This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Over five years, $1.6 billion was collected and the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.

Superfund sites in Alaska

NAVAL AIR STATION ADAK

The Naval Air Station (NAS) Adak covers approximately 64,000 acres in Alaska on Adak Island, near the western end of the Aleutian Islands. Adak Island became a military base in 1942, and in 1950 the Navy took control of all defense facilities on the island.

In 1986, the Navy completed an Initial Assessment Study that identified 32 areas that potentially received hazardous substances --including chlorinated solvents, batteries, and transformer oils containing PCBs -- over a 40-year period. These areas include landfills, storage areas, drum disposal areas, spill sites, and pits for waste oil and fire-fighting training.

ALASKA BATTERY ENTERPRISES

Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska

Alaska Battery Enterprises has manufactured batteries designed for subarctic conditions since 1969 on a site of approximately 0.8 acre in Fairbanks North Star Borough 1.5 miles south of downtown Fairbanks, Alaska.

Used batteries are accepted for recycling, and battery parts and acid are stored in a fenced, unpaved yard or inside a building on the site. All wash water, spills, and domestic waste water generated inside the building are discharged to an on-site septic tank and drain field. Prior to 1976, used batteries were broken open on-site, the acid reused, the lead shipped out of the State, and the cases buried on-site.

In 1986, the Alaska Department of Transportation, whose right-of-way completely surrounds the site, found lead and acid in soil on and off the site. A drinking water well is on-site, and over 18,000 people use wells within 3 miles of the site for drinking water. Ground water is shallow (5-11 feet in some areas), and the gravel soils are permeable, conditions that facilitate movement of contaminants into ground water.

Status (March 31, 1989): In August 1988, EPA used CERCLA emergency funds to excavate approximately 4,000 tons of lead- contaminated soil. The soil was first stockpiled on-site and was later shipped to a hazardous waste facility. The site is secured by a daily guard service and an 8-foot security fence erected by EPA. EPA is analyzing further removal and remedial options at the site.

Brownfields are properties that are abandoned or underused because of environmental contamination from past industrial or commercial practices. Often the potential liability associated with contamination complicates business development, property transactions or expansion on the property. This because nobody wants to buy land that will expose them to a lawsuit.

Communities, developers, government officials, and others, are working to change the way brownfields are managed and regulated. The US Environmental Protection Agency is embracing brownfields redevelopment as an important program.

Lumber Products and Processing

Engineered Products

Some modern mills are producing engineered wood products. These are typically products such as trusses. The engineered products use materials which in the past would have been sent to the mills waste stream.

Dimensional Lumber

Dimensional Lumber is cut from raw logs. Dimensional lumber includes such products as studs, fence boards, etc. The final product is determined by how the log is sawed. The logs are kiln dried prior to cutting to prevent subsequent warping. To get the most product from the raw logs complex machines are now used. For example computer controlled scanners analyze the logs and then determine how they will be cut.

Plywood

Plywood is manufactured from logs that have been softened by steam and then mounted on a lathe. The lathe peels off a thin veneer from the softened log. This continuous veneer sheet is then dried. The veneer will be very strong in one direction along the grain and weak across the grain.

5 or 7 layers of veneer are then layered with the grain alternating between layers. Glue is put between the layers This assembly is heated and pressed to form the final product. Because the grains alternate the plywood is very strong.

Oriented strand board

(OSB) is a less expensive plywood. made up of layers of wood chips about 3 or 4 inches long by 1 or 2 inches wide. Successive layers are arranged with the grain running perpendicular, just like plywood veneers. Machines deposit these very uniform chips on a form, add glue, and press a fluffy stack that might start out 6 or 8 inches tall to a thickness of less than half an inch. OSB provides a way to manufacture an absolutely uniform product with lots of machinery and little hands-on labor.

Where a plywood mill might employ a couple of hundred people, there might be just three or four on an OSB plant's shop floor. It also allows the industry to make structural panels out of hitherto less-exploited species such as aspen. These differences are reflected in the price, too: about half the cost of comparable plywood products. OSB has grown from a relatively small business in the early 1980s to nearly two-thirds the volume of the plywood industry in 1996. OSB can't tolerate outdoor exposure the way plywood siding can. Louisiana-Pacific discovered this in the early and mid-1990s when it marketed Inner Seal, a brand of OSB siding. The resin-treated coating that was supposed to protect it from the elements failed, and the panels began to crumble. L-P spent tens of millions of dollars settling suits by homeowners whose siding disintegrated.

Pressure Treated Lumber

Pressure treated lumber is wood that has been immersed in a liquid preservative and placed in a pressure chamber. The chamber forces the chemical into the wood fibers. The pressurized approach makes sure the chemical makes it to the core of each piece of wood. The most common chemical used to treat lumber is called chromated copper arsenate, or CCA. Copper and arsenic are both toxic to different types of organisms that attack wood. The chromium helps to bond the copper to the wood to prevent leaching. CCA binds to wood fibers very well and allows wood to last decades when it is in contact with the ground.

Economics in Systems Operations

Profit from an industrial process can come from expanding revenue or shrinking expenses. In the oil industry it is extremely difficult to raise price to increase profit. This is because the price of oil is determined by a world market over which individual producers have little control. The best way to increase profit is to reduce expenses.

Given an equal setting, the company which reduces expenses will win in the market place.

Lifting Costs:

We are going to do an analysis of lifting costs to illustrate these economic principles.

Lifting cost is the expense of getting a barrel of oil from the underground reservoir to the surface.

As an oil field ages it becomes more and more difficult to produce. The amount of energy needed to lift a barrel of oil keeps increasing until the lifting cost exceeds the selling price.

Now we are going to discuss one method of reducing the lifting cost.

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (M.E.O.R.) is the use of microbes down oil wells in order to enhance the production of marginal oil wells. Most conventional oil recovery processes are only able to retrieve approximately 50% of the available oil in the area. The utilization of this process can extend the life of the average well without increasing excessive lifting costs.

Specialized microbes, nutrients, and oxygen are introduced into the oil bearing geological reservoir. The microbes (using the nutrients and oxygen) grow in the interface between the oil and the rock, and release the oil by 3 processes.

1. The microbes oxidize the oil to fatty acids which act as detergents washing the oil off the rocks and into the well.
2. The by-product of small amounts of CO2, due to the beta oxidation of the fatty acids, acts to pressurize the field.
3. The increase of biomass between the oil and the rock physically displaces the oil.

Now that we know the possible technology to reduce the lifting cost we would have to balance the cost of the process against the likely increase in production.

1. Here is a list of possible new expenses :
2. The cost of the microbes
3. The cost of injection equipment
4. The cost of powering the injection equipment
5. Transportation costs
6. Storage costs
7. Training costs
8. The possibility that it might not work
9. Additional corrosion due to the oxygen and nutrients
10. Additional labor to monitor the process
11. An increase in water consumption

Now, we have to make an estimate of how much production would increase and for how long it would increase and compare.

As you can see this is no simple process.

Transportation Cost Economics:

Basic Terms

Basic Terms of Maintenance, Operations and System Components

Acid Mine Drainage: Drainage of water from areas that have been mined for coal or other mineral ores; the water has low pH, sometimes less than 2.0 (is acid), because of its contact with sulfur- bearing material; acid drainage is harmful because it often kills aquatic organisms

Bioremediation :A process of adding nutrient to ground water to speed up the natural process in which bacteria break down gasoline and other petroleum products into harmless compounds.

Biotic index:Scale for showing the quality of an environment by indicating the types of organisms present in it (e.g. how clean a river is)

Brownfields: Abandoned, idled or under used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination

Cadmium: One of the toxic heavy metals which has caused deaths and permanent illnesses in a series of major pollution incidents around the world. Cadmium has no useful biological purpose. However, it has wide industrial applications.

CERCLA :Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (commonly known as Superfund)

EPA:Environmental Protection Agency

Interface:The immediate boundary between two surfaces

Landfill:A disposal facility where waste is placed in or on land Lifting cost The total cost of bringing a barrel of oil to the surface

Oriented strand board :(OSB) plywood. made up of layers of wood chips about 3 or 4 inches long by 1 or 2 inches wide.

Overburden :The material such as soil and rock lying above a mineral deposit that must be removed in order to work the deposit

Pyrite: The most common sulfide mineral, pyrite is widely distributed in rocks of all ages and types. Its chief use is as a source of sulfur in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Recycle : To make new products from old ones. Recycling used items, such as paper, cans, or bottles, saves energy, produces less pollution, and uses up fewer natural resources.

Remediation : Cleanup or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materials from a Superfund site

Revegetation : Planting of new trees and, particularly, of native plants in disturbed sites where the vegetation cover has been destroyed

Sediment : Any material transported by water which will ultimately settle to the bottom after the water loses its transporting power

Substrate : The rock underlying surface soils.

Superfund Site : A site identified for priority cleanup due to its severity of pollution

Veneer : a thin layer of wood peeled from a rotating log

Go to the basic math link and study pages 20 thru 30. Lesson 13 Task/Quiz will contain questions on this material.